Causes of Rebel 1776 Essays

Causes of Rebel 1776 Essays Causes of Rebel 1776 Essay Causes of Rebel 1776 Essay Evaluate the relative importance of two of the following as factors prompting Americans to rebel in 1776. Parliamentary Taxation The legacy of colonial religious and political ideas British military measures Restrictions of Civil Liberty Some say that the Revolution was destined to happen ever since Settlers set foot on this continent, others argue that it would not have happened if it werent for a set of issues that finally drove the colonists to revolt. Ultimately, Britain lost control in 1765 when they gave in to the Stamp Act Congress’s boycotts against parliamentary taxation and gave them the idea that they had the power to run a country. To a lesser degree, Salutary Neglect led to the conception of a legacy of colonial religious and political ideals which set in motion an eminent conflict. During this period, England â€Å"forgot† about the colonies and gave them colonists a taste of independence and suspicions of individual political theories. Through Parliaments ruthless taxation without representation and a near opposite religious and political mindset, Britain and the colonists were heaved into a revolutionary war. The most important issue prompting Americans to rebel in 1776 is clearly parliamentary taxation. The first time a Parliamentary imposed tax threatened the livelihood of the colonies was in 1733 with the Molasses Act, stemmed from the loss of profit for the British West Indies under the Navigation Act. However, this act was avoidable and rarely paid. Following the long and harrowing French and Indian War, Britain was deep in debt and George Grenville was appointed British Chancellor. He was determined to pay off the debt by brutally taxing the colonies. He not only reinforced the ignored Navigation Acts, but he placed the new Sugar Act which was similar to the Molasses Act which put a tax on rum and molasses imported from West Indies, but this Act would be enforced. Needless to say, the colonists were not used to this intrusion of Parliament and felt that it was wrong because there were no members in Parliament to represent the colonies. They felt it was a direct violation of their civil liberties and the first whiff of resentment was beginning to spawn. Next was the Currency Act which disregarded the colonies paper money, forcing the colonist to pay in only silver and sending their economy into chaos. Perhaps the most important and controversial acts were the Stamps Acts that placed a tax on legal documents, almanacs, newspaper, pamphlets, playing cards and dice. This act placed a large and blatant stamp on all tax items and could not be ignored. In response to this act, the colonists boycotted British goods, mobbed against the tax, and set up the Stamp Act Congress to ask the Parliament to repeal this harsh intrusion on colonial freedoms. Because the boycotts threatened British economy, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and the colonists rejoiced in their success. They had their first taste of victory, and England would learn to hate how addicting it could be. Their elation didnt last long however, when in 1767 Charles Townshend replaced Grenville and set forth his Townshend Acts which taxed all the items frequently imported from England such as glass. The colonists responded with fury and more importantly the non-importation agreement. They had begun to reject all British goods, which resulted in an accommodating spike in American economy. Unfortunately, not everything these acts brought was positive. Another result of the Townshend Acts was the Boston Massacre, a small yet groundbreaking incident between a group of colonists and British military that resulted in the loss of five colonists lives and the repealing of the Townshend Acts. In 1770 Lord North took over for Townshend and let the highly hated Quartering Acts expire. North was off to a good start keeping the fire for independence down in the colonies until he imposed the Tea Tax to keep the East India Company from going bankrupt. This act more or less forced the colonists to buy the East India Companys tea instead of smuggling Dutch tea as they had been doing for years. This drastically affected many colonists incomes and sparked even more hatred. Famously this resulted in the Boston Tea party, an act of the Sons of Liberty against Britain and their harsh ‘taxation without representation. For many of the colonists, this was the last straw and they were through with Britains rule and restrictions upon their lives. Yet another factor leading to the revolution, though possibly of lesser importance, was the legacy of colonial religious and political ideas. Regarding religion, colonists were outcasts from the mainland from the beginning. This is because the majority of them were religious pariahs eager to escape oppressions from the Puritan Church. However, by the time of the revolution, he colonies were not only separated by belief from Great Britain, but they were also religiously fragmented. The Anglican Church, the official church of some colonies often times served as a â€Å"prop† for kingly authority. This angered Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Quakers, Baptists, Catholics, and virtually everyone else who composed the new world’s variety of faiths. The Anglican Church did not serve the needs of the people and it didnt hold up its promises to the pe ople, holding true to English authority. Also, the Anglican Church had a notorious reputation for clergymen with loose morals and worldly lifestyles. The British tried to impose the Anglican Church on additional colonies to everyones displeasure. Finally, when the Quebec Act came along granting large territories to the defeated French Catholics, the colonists feared that protestant religion would suffer and they were pushed to their religious stress limits. On the political side of things, colonists in North America had developed a political outlook far different from Great Britain’s. Prime Minister Robert Walpole stated that if no restrictions were placed on the colonies, they would flourish, and that they did during the period of time called Salutary Neglect. Salutary Neglect was a time in which Britain did nothing to guide its developing colonies and became nearly as important as the Stamp Act Congress when it comes to factors that led to the American Revolutionary War. When the imperial authority did not assert the power that it had to control America, the colonists were left to govern themselves. These essentially sovereign colonies soon became accustomed to the idea of self-control and democracy. The effects of such prolonged isolation eventually resulted in the emergence of a collective identity that considered itself separate from Great Britain. The turning point from salutary neglect to an attempt to enforce English policies was during The French and Indian War. Great Britain was fighting France for imperial control of the known world and was losing very badly until Secretary of State William Pitt the Elder took charge. To help the war effort, Pitt tried to seize supplies from the colonies, force colonial men into service, and take control of military issues. This along with the latter Quartering Acts was an unpleasant reminder that they were not independent, and it was more than the colonists could stand. Perhaps things may have ended differently if England had kept a tight leash on the colonies in the beginning, or given them representation in Parliament, but the world will never know. As soon as the colonies realized Britain responded to violence and boycotts, they knew they could have more. They longed to be independent and to be a unified nation separate from Britain. Though, in the beginning only a few had the drive and the willingness to go towards their goal, oppressive British actions helped support their claims. When Parliament began to tax, the colonists felt strongly that taxation without representation was against their political ideals which they held so highly. In the end, it was Britains own fault for letting the colonists know they had the power to free themselves from Europes most powerful country.

Facts and Storytelling in Historical Fiction

Facts and Storytelling in Historical Fiction When I began writing my new novel about Amelia Earhart’s last days, The Canary, I knew it had to start with her as a castaway on a lonely Pacific island. But with her navigator, Fred Noonan, already dead, there was a decidedly small cast of characters. Having Amelia talk to herself endlessly would become endlessly tedious. Some research and an unexpected discovery came to my rescue. Here’s what I knew: based on recent findings, there is evidence suggesting Earhart might have made a forced landing on a tiny atoll’s reef – Gardner Island. The more I looked into it, the more plausible it seemed. That inspired me to fictionalize her last days. The opening pages were easy: Amelia alone on an island with no reliable water source except rainwater and no food other than small birds, turtles, and legions of coconut crabs. But quickly I knew the book had to be more than just a brave young woman and her mental and physical deterioration. As I looked more into young Amelia’s life to discover a writing voice for her, I learned she had moved from St. Paul, Minnesota, to Hyde Park in Chicago to finish her last year of high school, in 1914-15. This was before she had thought much about flying. The discovery made me think about who she was in those days and soon I was doing a Google search of Hyde Park on Chicago’s near south side, a place I once visited to hear a novelist read, and the location of President Obama’s house. As I stared at the map of Hyde Park and imagined young Amelia walking to school and then home again to care for her ailing mother, my eyes drifted west, to the suburb of Oak Park, and I had my epiphany: Though they never met, Earhart and Hemingway spent a year of school only a few miles from each other. Ernest was then 15 and Amelia was around 17. Suddenly I knew what the book needed – an interior story in which Amelia fondly remembers her Hyde Park days and a yearlong friendship with the young Hemingway. The Canary became a better novel than it might have because I was open to how facts buried in silent history gave it the voices it needed. If you are writing historical fiction, here’s the lesson. Being accurate is important. I had to do a lot of checking to make sure I depicted Hemingway and Earhart with historical accuracy, even though they never met. When they went to a baseball game, it had to be at Weeghman Park and not Wrigley Field, because Wrigley was called Weeghman in 1914. The Cubs didn’t even play there. It was home to the Chicago Whales. Writing historical fiction means getting the history surrounding your characters right, but it’s also an opportunity to not be shackled

Case Study_Secondary Ticket Market Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Study_Secondary Ticket Market - Case Study Example Whilst the teams earn extra revenue from this practice, the main problem is that tickets that are acquired through bad ways are set to tarnish their image. The success in sport is about creating good reputation so as to be in a position to create mutual understanding with the fans. The other problem is that the tickets sold at secondary markets are overpriced and this is detrimental to the teams involved. This is just as good as parallel market where in some instances the tickets are sold for a premium price while their actual value is far below that. This negatively impacts on the fans though the team owners benefit from this practice because they would be working hand in glove with the â€Å"scalpers.† In other words, some people end up reaping from where they did not sow and this is not good practice in as far as sport and gaming are concerned. The image of the team will be tarnished at the end of day and this is the reason why a team should make sure that opportunists do n ot short change the supporters. In the long run, it can be seen that the team will end up losing credibility as a result of the activities of the secondary ticket sellers who may be bent on fulfilling their selfish interests. When people lose trust in the team, it may not be able to generate more revenue since people may end up shunning it. It is problematic for a team to lose the supporters through unethical conduct by the secondary sellers of the tickets. This task should be performed by the agents employed by the team. Analysis and evaluation of the alternatives In the first place, the problem exists because there are some holders of seasonal tickets who feel that they cannot attend all games. As such they decide to sell these tickets to the secondary markets which will later resell them to the people who may be interested in buying them. Whilst this is not a very bad idea since it entails that the team will generate more revenue from this practice, it can be noted that there are certain problems associated with the whole arrangement. In order to address the loopholes identified above, it is imperative for the respective teams to put control measures that are meant to ensure that all unwanted tickets are sold through their offices. Instead of engaging secondary sellers to perform this particular function, the respective teams should create channels that are meant to ensure that unwanted tickets are sold through their office. However, the only disadvantage of this alternative is that the team may not be able to manage all centers that will be responsible for this exercise across the whole country. The other alternative is that the team involved should harness new information and communication technology such that the fans who want to resell their tickets can do it through its official website. If the team harnesses new information and technology, there are likely chances that the loopholes in the secondary ticketing system are eliminated. It also becomes eas y to communicate with the fans intending to sell their tickets such that there is transparency in all the transactions that may ensue. The major advantage of this method is that the internet is secure and transparency is likely to be enhanced since all transactions can be accounted for. All the ticket holders who feel that they no longer need to go to a particular game should approach the registered agents instead of going to secondary ticket holders

Same Idea, Different Medium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Same Idea, Different Medium - Essay Example Some victims of plagiarism have the reason that, actually their work is not plagiarized, but contain common knowledge while others are purely lazy to the extent that they plagiarize through â€Å"copy and paste† from an internet source. This paper analyzes and relates two articles; the in-class essay and the internet object (IO) that address the issue of plagiarism by focusing on two different examples. The article â€Å"Plagiarism Lines Blur for Students in Digital Age† by Trip Gabriel, which appeared in â€Å"The New York Times† in August 1, 2010 was the in-class essay while the article â€Å"The Plagiarist’s Tale† by Lizzie Widdicombe, which was featured in â€Å"The New Yorker† in February 13, 2012 is the internet object. Gabriel in her article â€Å"Plagiarism Lines Blur for Students in Digital Age† writes about various students in learning institutions who have plagiarized their works from the internet (Gabriel, 2010). Consequent ly, Widdicombe in her article â€Å"The Plagiarist’s Tale† has analyzed a fiction novel tiled â€Å"Assassin of Secrets† by Quentin Roman, which was highly plagiarized from other fiction novels (Widdicombe, 2012). In both instances, the plagiarists, who are the students and the fiction novel author, did not formally acknowledge the source of information. The in-class essay by Widdicombe and the â€Å"internet object† (IO) by Gabriel relate in that they both entail cases of plagiarism on two different levels; professional and academics. On one level, the in-class essay depicts plagiarism in a mass-market publishing while on the other level; the (IO) essay shows plagiarism in college academics. In essence, Widdicombe discusses how the author Quentin Rowan plagiarized his works from many different sources during his earlier writing career. Moreover, the article by Gabriel depicts how various students plagiarized their college assignments from the internet. W iddicombe portrays how a professional author, Rowan, becomes mediocre in the field of fiction writing through copying excerpts from other published novels, without giving any credits (Widdicombe, 2012). Gabriel on her part presents a description on how college students knowingly or unknowingly copy and paste essays from internet sources, also without giving credits (Gabriel, 2010). Gabriel in the (IO) article presents three cases of plagiarism by students from different institutions. The students are ignorant of their ill act since they are not aware of the importance of giving credit or citing borrowed words. Gabriel asserts that educators have discovered that students who use online information do not put into consideration originality, intellectual property and copyright issues. This is because in the digital technology, to â€Å"copy paste† is very easy. Widdicombe in the in-class article presents a case of plagiarism by Rowan, particularly in his novel â€Å"Assassins o f Secrets†. Rowan was accused of including in his book more than thirty cases of plagiarism. Interestingly Rowan admitted that he had taken excerpts from books by different authors while the students admitted copying and pasting from online sources. Academic assignments by students can be scrutinized for plagiarism through using a plagiarism software, however, the same is not possible for novels, and as a result, editors have to read manuscripts word by word if plagiarism is to be detected (Widdicombe, 2012). In many instances editors, discovered copied texts in

Money Chimp Essay Example for Free

Money Chimp Essay At the time of this writing, as the old saying goes, some could say it is the worst of times. However, for those who are planning for the long term, this is an excellent time to put money aside, as over time, the problems seen today will subside, and the financial markets over the long term have a way of balancing gains and losses. This being said, this paper will focus on the planning of a 401K over the long term for the best possible outcome. What is the Best Choice and Why In the case of the researcher, and indeed for other investors who do not have unlimited funds to invest and are looking toward the long term, within a 401K account, the best investment strategy is to first make contributions under the Traditional IRA rules, up to the limit of $5,000 annually, and then to make Roth IRA contributions. The reason for this is that the Traditional IRA contributions, again up to $5,000, is tax deductible today, providing present day financial benefit as well as the security of retirement income years later. The numbers show this; for example, the maximum $5,000 Traditional IRA contribution, each year for the next 20 years, will on average provide almost 5% more funds for retirement than the Roth option (Money Chimp IRA Calculator, 2009). It must also be understood, however, that over the $5,000 limit annually, the Roth will provide tax savings upon retirement, and in this way, tax savings can be maximized no matter what. Works Cited Money Chimp IRA Calculator (2009). Retrieved March 6, 2009 from the World Wide Web: www. moneychimp. com

Remembering the Disremembered Essay -- History Historians Society Essa

Remembering the Disremembered Everybody knew what she was called, but nobody anywhere knew her name. Disremembered and unaccounted for, she cannot be lost because no one is looking for her, and even if they were, how can they call her if they don't know her name? Although she has claim, she is not claimed. In the place where long grass opens, the girl who waited to be loved and cry shame erupts into her separate parts, to make it easy for the chewing laughter to swallow her all away. It was not a story to pass on. - Toni Morrison, Beloved To write history means giving dates their physiognomy. - Walter Benjamin For philosopher, essayist and critic Walter Benjamin, history is catastrophe. Standing as he does at the dawn of World War II and reflecting back on the devastation of the First World War, Benjamin sees history stretched out before him and knows that it marches forward, goosestepping over the prone bodies of those who could not keep up with its procession, toward a future that can be no more or no less brutal and devastating than the past has already proved to be. What hope there is rests in humanity's ability to remember the experiences of those crushed under this catastrophic progression and to account for them in the narratives of our traditions. The repository of these disremembered experiences, and the one whose task it is to incorporate them into our present, is the storyteller. The storyteller offers the images which can effectively stop the progression of history and creates a conduit through which the "disremembered and unaccounted for" can convey their experience. The on-going progression of history continually produces new catastrophes and brutalizes new bodies; thus we are in constant ... ... Harris, Trudier. Fiction and Folklore: The Novels of Toni Morrison. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1991. Mobley, Marilyn Sanders. "A Different Remembering: Memory, History, and Meaning in Beloved." In Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Appiah, K. A., eds. Amistad Literary Series. New York: Amistad. 1993. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: New American Library, 1987. Russell, Sandi. "It's OK to say OK." In Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. McKay, Nellie Y., ed. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1988. Tiedemann, Rolf. "Historical Materialism or Political Messianism? An Interpretation of the Theses 'On the Concept of History.'" In Benjamin: Philosophy, Aesthetics, History. Smith, Gary, ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1989. Wolin, Richard. Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic of Redemption. New York: Columbia UP, 1982.

Arithmetic Mean and Control Groups Essay

1. What demographic variables were measured at least at the interval level of measurements? Marital status should be the interval level of measurement. The distance between being single and married is significant when it comes to fatigue and shared duties if the married couples are living together. 2. What statistics were used to describe the length of labor in this study? Were these appropriate? Both the experimental and control groups used means and standard deviations to describe the length of labor. Yes these statistics are appropriate. 3. What other statistic could have been used to describe the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer. Mode could also have been used in this study and it would have provided an insight to the most common length of labor. Median would be more informative as it would provide the middle point for labor length. 4. Were the distributions of scores similar for the experimental and control groups for the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer. I do not believe so. The standard deviation for the experimental group was only slightly higher at 7. 78hrs than that of the control group’s 7. 2hrs, however the mean of the experimental group of 14. 63hrs is much higher than the control group’s 12. 70hrs. Having an average labor time of almost 2 hours more is significant. Having a similar SD suggests very similar outliers in each group with no radical deviation. 5. Were the experimental and control groups similar in their type of feeding? Provide a rationale for your answer. Yes. Bottle-feeding was the mode for the experimental (53. 1%) and the control (50%) groups since it was the most frequent type of feeding used by both groups 6. What was the marital status mode for the subjects in the experimental and control groups? Provide both the frequency and percentage for the marital status mode for both groups. â€Å"Married† is the highest mode for both groups in the study In the experimental group, the frequency 25 and 78. 1% In the control group, the frequency 31 and 86. 1% 7. Could a median be determined for the education data? If so, what would the median be for education for the experimental and the control groups? Provide a rationale for answer Yes. Education variables have a median equal to 11 for the experimental group and the median equal to 13 for Control group. The control group has more high school education than the experimental group 8. Can the findings from this study be generalized to Black women? Provide a rationale for your answer. The sample results are not reflective of black women due to predominantly White, 92% and 96. 55% in both the experimental and control groups. 9. If there were 32 subjects in the experimental group and 36 subjects in the control group, why is the income data only reported for 30 subjects in the experimental group and 34 subjects in the control group? Because the data is lacking accuracy due to missing variables. 10. Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a rationale for your answer. The sample of the study was not adequately described because the experimental group numbers do not add up to 32 and the control group do not have a total of 36 subjects. Also the percentages also do not add up to 100% due to missing data.

Boy Scouts of America

This controversial First Amendment case was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2000, on appeal from New Jersey’s Superior Court. The dispute arose between the Boy Scouts of America, specifically a New Jersey troop, and a man named James Dale. Dale was an adult Boy Scout and a troop leader in New Jersey. He was also openly homosexual and a gay rights activist. The Boy Scouts were not aware of Dale’s sexual orientation until he attended a seminar that dealt with the needs of homosexual teenagers which was covered by a local newspaper.When the Boy Scouts discovered that Dale was in fact a homosexual, they kicked him out of the organization, claiming that his sexual orientation directly opposed the values they wished to instill in the young members of their group. Dale filed suit in the New Jersey Superior Court. He asserted that when the Boy Scouts revoked his membership, they violated New Jersey law. That law forbids discrimination based on a person’s sexu al orientation in places of public accommodations. The Court ruled in favor of Dale. The Boy Scouts however, believed that their constitutional right of expressive association had been violated.That First Amendment right allows organizations with selective membership standards to forbid membership to anyone who does not meet those standards. The Boy Scouts appealed the judgment to federal court. At the Supreme Court, the decision of the state court was overturned, ruling in favor of the Boy Scouts. The Court provided that the Boy Scouts were selective in accepting members into the organization since they only accept boys over the age of ten, and therefore the group had only practiced their First Amendment right of expressive association.Furthermore, the scout oath illustrated the group’s opposition to homosexual behavior. When members say the oath, they promise to keep themselves â€Å"morally clean†. Alongside the membership standards, the oath essentially won the cas e. This case, while controversial, was decided correctly. The freedom to associate allows groups to gather for any purpose. The freedom of speech allows those groups to speak of their ideas. Freedom of expression is really only a combination of the two. The First Amendment protects groups from being forced to admit members who directly defy their purposes.The same would have applied no matter the group in question. Imagine if the NAACP was forced to admit a man who openly expressed hatred toward African Americans, or a group meant for veterans that was forced to admit an anti-war advocate. This type of forced inclusion into the organization would really disrupt the business of the group. Sometimes, it would make the group pointless altogether. Most likely we would not see membership refusals such as those mentioned as a case of discrimination. It is simply a conflict of interest.The Supreme Court’s decision in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale is extremely relevant to society as a whole, especially to those individuals who are members of certain organizations who practice selective membership standards. No one wants to attend a church that was forced to hire an atheist preacher. No little girl wants to show up to her Girl Scout meeting to find that a little boy has become her fellow scout. As individuals, we like to surround ourselves with people who share similar qualities and characteristics with us.We enjoy gathering with others who share our opinions and purposes. Had the Supreme Court ruled differently in this case, this type of activity could easily be considered discriminatory and punishable by law. While the decision was unfortunate for James Dale, it upheld the Boy Scouts’ constitutional rights, and protected society’s rights as well. In the article, Police in Gun Searches Face Disbelief in Court, New York Times reporter Benjamin Weiser discusses the growing trend of unconstitutional searches conducted by police officers in May of 200 8.One such illegal search happened in New York to a man who was carrying a pistol. In court, the officers involved testified that they had just cause to search the suspect. They claimed, â€Å"He was loitering, sweating nervously and had a bulge under his jacket† (Weiser). The judge however, found that the officers’ story was untrue, and that they had searched the man illegally, violating the Fourth Amendment. Since the gun could not be used as evidence, the case was thrown out. Weiser’s research indicates that this type of situation occurs more often than we might think.He provides that in the last six years there have been twenty similar cases in New York City alone, where police officers unconstitutionally searched suspects, often resulting in the release of criminals who illegally carry firearms (Weiser). The Fourth Amendment protects Americans from search and seizure without probable cause, and this includes searches for weapons by police officers. The fact that these particular officers violated the Fourth Amendment is unfortunate, because their behavior put criminals back onto the streets.However, there was nothing that the judges that heard the cases could do, because the Bill of Rights applies to all Americans, criminals included. While society might prefer that the Fourth Amendment not apply to criminal suspects, the Constitution was meant to protect all people. It would be unfair to be searched without cause, especially if a suspect was not carrying an illegal weapon. The amendment is important in that it protects every aspect of our personal lives.Without it, the police could barge into our homes and take anything that they wanted, confiscate our cars, or seize anything we carry with us, activities that certainly do not constitute a free democracy. In the article, A Witness Startles Court in Pellicano Trial, New York Times reporter David Halbfinger tells the story of a witness â€Å"pleading the fifth† in a Los Angeles c ourt room in April of 2008. The trial was that of Anthony Pellicano, a private eye accused of wiretapping on behalf of his rich and famous clients.During cross examination, witness Phyllis Miller was asked questions about her own involvement in the case. A lawyer got her to admit that she was guilty of a crime herself. After a number of questions were asked, of which she responded to, Miller refused to answer any more self incriminating questions, pleading the fifth. However, the responses she did give now have her facing charges of her own of perjury and fraud. The Fifth Amendment deals with double jeopardy, the due process of the law, and the testimony witnesses in trial.Specifically stating that no person, â€Å"shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself† (Cornell University Law School). This amendment protects individuals from being forced to testify during their own trials, which might lead to a guilty verdict. The Fifth Amendment is very rel evant to society, in that it not only protects us from being charged multiple times for the same crime, but also allows us to keep quiet when we are on trial ourselves. Imagine a guilty man on trial forced to testify truthfully about a murder he committed.Most likely his answers would not be honest anyway, so why ask him to talk at all? Furthermore, imagine his wife testifying about what happened on the night of the crime. If the woman is asked questions about her involvement which might lead to a trial of her own, it is unfair to force her to speak. The Fifth Amendment in its entirety is important for Americans, because it deals with the protection of our personal lives and liberties. Being forced to testify as a witness to another person’s trial should not mean that we to be put on trial.In the article, Washington Mayor to Take Fight for Gun Law to Supreme Court, New York Times reporter Adam Liptak discusses a controversial gun control law out of Washington D. C.. That very strict law made carrying a gun, even two feet in your own home, illegal if you are not licensed to do so. The law was taken to Court and deemed unconstitutional. The mayor of the District of Columbia, Adrian M. Fenty, disagreed with the Court’s decision and challenged it in the United States Court of Appeals in May of 2007.The Court however, refused to retry the case, claiming it was within the limits of the Bill of Rights, so Mayor Fenty planned to take the case to the Supreme Court in July of 2007. Liptak asserted in the article that it was his belief that the Supreme Court would agree to hear the case (Liptak). The Second Amendment, which has always been very controversial, protects an individual’s right to keep and bear arms (Cornell University Law School). Many people believe that by limiting the rights allowed by the Second Amendment, violent crime rates would decrease.Still others want to keep their constitutional right to carry guns regardless of crime. The Se cond Amendment is very relevant in today’s society. In a world filled with criminals and violence, we deserve to have the means to protect ourselves, especially when many criminals carry illegal guns themselves. Imagine a robber breaking into your home in the middle of the night with a gun of his own. Most Americans would feel much safer if they had a gun to protect not only their families, but their property as well.Many people feel that by enacting gun control laws, we are putting ourselves at risk since many criminals own guns illegally anyway. The Constitution was written as a means of protecting certain civil liberties, one of which is life. Without the Second Amendment, we have no means of protecting our lives against the violent criminals who wish to hurt or kill us. In the article, National Briefing: South, South Carolina: Appeal to Supreme Court, the Associated Press introduces readers to the case of an imprisoned teenager in South Carolina.The teenager, who at the a ge of twelve brutally murdered his grandparents and burned down their home in 2001, was sentenced to thirty years in prison for his crime. At his trial, his lawyers claimed that his crime was a result of a medication he was taking at the time, Zoloft. When the boy was found guilty, and the sentence was announced, his lawyers planned to take the case to the Supreme Court for violating the Eighth Amendment. The Eighth Amendment protects Americans from cruel and unusual punishment, excessive fines, and excessive bail (Cornell University School of Law).Meaning that, certain crimes should not be punished with extreme sentences, huge bail amounts, or an unreasonable amount of years in prison. For a case such as described above, the punishment seems most reasonable and most likely the teenager will remain in prison. However, sometimes criminals are punished excessively for the scope of their crimes. The Eighth Amendment is very relevant in today’s society, because it protects us fro m being punished to greatly for a small crime. Imagine being given the death penalty for a parking violation.Obviously a punishment such as this would be a violation of the Bill of Rights, and should be. However, without the Eighth Amendment things such as this could happen all the time. We could serve ten years in prison for stealing a piece of bubble gum from the candy store, or be arrested for failure to pay a speeding ticket and have bail set at a million dollars. This type of punishment would be unfair, excessive, cruel, and most definitely unusual. The Eighth Amendment only protects us from such unfair treatment, and therefore is very important in a country built on fairness and freedom.Reflection Honestly, the Bill of Rights is probably the most important part of the Constitution. It protects our freedoms and rights from being taken away from us, and since our country was built on that foundation, it is important that we retain our personal rights. I do not really believe tha t any one of the first ten amendments is more important than the others, but it seems that the First Amendment is the one that is violated the most often. It also seems to be the one amendment that Americans value the most out of the ten.Without the First Amendment, should one of the others be violated, we might not have the right to speak up about it in the first place. I also think that the Eighth Amendment is very critical to our country. In other countries people are thrown in prison and put to death for doing silly crimes and that is wrong. The writers of the Bill of Rights were very clever to include this amendment because it protects us from being treated inhumanly. Overall, I think that all of the first ten amendments work together to protect our rights and freedoms, and thankfully they are usually obeyed.From this assignment I have learned a lot. I have always known that the Bill of Rights is important, but I never realized how often it is violated on an individual basis. A s a citizen of the United States, I am grateful for the rights I have been given by the Constitution. Many citizens of other countries are not so lucky, and I am afraid that many Americans take these rights for granted. I also did not realize how often new amendments are proposed, and moreover, how irrelevant some of the proposed can be. From my research I learned of one amendment meant to define and protect marriage between a man and a woman.It is very interesting to me what some people consider a personal right. I think that without the Bill of Rights, the Constitution itself would be very vague. Since it speaks of certain civil liberties, it was only logical to list those liberties within the document. When we govern by and enforce the Constitution, we are guaranteed these most important rights and freedoms, which make America a country that is privileged and different from most others across the globe. Thankfully our founding fathers envisioned a nation that was democratic and f ree.Therefore, the Bill of Rights is incredibly valuable to our country and the rights and freedoms that we are given, because without it we might not have understood exactly what America was meant to be. I can honestly say that I learned a lot by working through this project, and I think that all students in the United States should have to do similar work to appreciate what they have. Works Cited The Associated Press, â€Å"National Briefing South; South Carolina: Appeal to Supreme Court. † The New York Times 12 May 2008 14 May 2008 . Cornell University Law School, â€Å"Bill of Rights. † Constitution. 2008. Cornell University Law School. 14 May 2008 . Halbfinger, David. â€Å"A Witness Startles Court in Pellican Trial. † The New York Times 12 May 2008 14 May 2008 . Liptak, Adam. â€Å"Washington Mayor to Take Fight for Gun Law to Supreme Court. † The New York Times 12 May 2008 14 May 2008. Renquist, â€Å"Boy Scouts of America and Monmouth Council, et al. , Petitioners v. James Dale . † Findlaw for Legal Professionals. 2008. The United States Supreme Court. 13 May 2008 . Weiser, Benjamin. â€Å"Police in Gun Searches Face Disbelief in Court. † The New York Times 12 May 2008 14 May 2008 .

Free Essays on Operating An Airport

There is no doubt that it's hard to overestimate all the importance of proper functioning of a contemporary airport, no matter whether it is a local airport or an international one. Any person who has ever used the services of aircraft companies and had an opportunity to observe common procedures and processes that usually occur inside and outside the terminals while waiting for the flight will agree with this fact without hesitation. Taking into account the fact that every international airport usually has several hundred departure and arrival flights per day, it's possible to imagine what a high level of accuracy is needed in order to make this system function properly, without delays and mistakes, for a mistake in this situation can be a risk of human lives. Recent tragic events caused by terrorist attacks show that there is still a lot to be done to improve the system in order to make it perfect. An airport can be viewed as a complex multi-level mechanism, proper functioning of which depends on correct work of its sub-mechanisms, which in their turn divide in their own mechanisms. As in any mechanism, malfunction of one detail can halt the work of the whole system, that’s why it is significantly important to dispatch and monitor all the processes that take place in an airport, keeping them under severe control. This is where an airport operator's skills and knowledge comes into concern. To be able to handle such a large aircraft flow day and night, it would be impossible to work without reliable computer software and huge databases which will ensure strict and precise delivery of information. Even more important is to have a perfectly functioning plane tracking system. It is clear that in order to be able to operate such complicated equipment special training with personnel must be conducted on a continuous basis. It is natural that in order to maintain the needed level of safety and accuracy in operating an airport, it ne... Free Essays on Operating An Airport Free Essays on Operating An Airport There is no doubt that it's hard to overestimate all the importance of proper functioning of a contemporary airport, no matter whether it is a local airport or an international one. Any person who has ever used the services of aircraft companies and had an opportunity to observe common procedures and processes that usually occur inside and outside the terminals while waiting for the flight will agree with this fact without hesitation. Taking into account the fact that every international airport usually has several hundred departure and arrival flights per day, it's possible to imagine what a high level of accuracy is needed in order to make this system function properly, without delays and mistakes, for a mistake in this situation can be a risk of human lives. Recent tragic events caused by terrorist attacks show that there is still a lot to be done to improve the system in order to make it perfect. An airport can be viewed as a complex multi-level mechanism, proper functioning of which depends on correct work of its sub-mechanisms, which in their turn divide in their own mechanisms. As in any mechanism, malfunction of one detail can halt the work of the whole system, that’s why it is significantly important to dispatch and monitor all the processes that take place in an airport, keeping them under severe control. This is where an airport operator's skills and knowledge comes into concern. To be able to handle such a large aircraft flow day and night, it would be impossible to work without reliable computer software and huge databases which will ensure strict and precise delivery of information. Even more important is to have a perfectly functioning plane tracking system. It is clear that in order to be able to operate such complicated equipment special training with personnel must be conducted on a continuous basis. It is natural that in order to maintain the needed level of safety and accuracy in operating an airport, it ne...

Biography of Cleopatra, Last Pharaoh of Egypt

Biography of Cleopatra, Last Pharaoh of Egypt Cleopatra (69 BCE–August 30, 30 BCE) was the ruler of Egypt as Cleopatra VII Philopater, She was the last of the Ptolemy dynasty of Egyptian rulers, and the very last Pharaoh of Egypt, ending a dynastic rule of some 5,000 years. Fast Facts: Cleopatra Known For: The last dynastic pharaoh of EgyptAlso Known As: Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra VII Philopater; Cleopatra Philadelphus Philopator Philopatris Thea NeoteraBorn: Early 69 BCEParents: Ptolemy XII Auletes (d. 51 BCE, ruled 80–51 BCE except for 58–55 BCE) and Cleopatra V Tryphaina (co-ruler 58–55 BCE with their daughter, Berenice IV, sister of Cleopatra VII)Died: August 30, 30 BCEEducation: Studied with a tutor and at the Mouseion at the Library of Alexandria, medicine, philosophy, rhetoric, oratory, and many languages, including Greek, Latin, and AramaicSpouse(s): Ptolemy XIII, Ptolemy XIV, Marc AntonyChildren: Ptolemy Caesarion (b. 46 BCE, with Julius Caesar); and three children by Marc Antony, twins Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene (b. 40 BCE), and Ptolemy Philadelphus (b. 36 BCE) Cleopatra VII was the descendant of Macedonians who were established as rulers over Egypt when Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 323 BCE. The Ptolemy dynasty was descended from the Greek Macedonian named Ptolemy Soter, whom Alexander the Great installed in Egypt, so much of Cleopatras ancestry was Macedonian Greek. There is some controversy about the possible African origins of her mother or her paternal grandmother. Early Life Cleopatra VII was born around the beginning of 69 BCE, the second of five children of Ptolemy XII and his wife Cleopatra V. Tryphania. Although not much is available about her early life, young royal women of the Ptolemaic dynasty were well educated, and although the Library of Alexandria was no longer the intellectual powerhouse of the Mediterranean, the facility and its adjacent research center the Mouseion were still a center for learning. She took medical studies- she was a medical writer as a young woman- and she studied philosophy, rhetoric, and oratory with a tutor. She was a gifted linguist: in addition to her native Greek, Plutarch reported that she spoke Ethiopian, Trogodyte, Hebraic (probably Aramaic or less likely Hebrew), Arabic, Syrian, Median, and Parthian as well as many others. She undoubtedly read Greek, Egyptian, and Latin, and perhaps others. During Cleopatras early years, her father Ptolemy XII tried to maintain his failing power in Egypt by bribing powerful Romans. In 58 BCE, her father fled Rome to escape the anger of his people for the failing economy. Cleopatra, about 9 years old at the time, likely went with him. Her oldest sister was Berenike IV, and when Ptolemy XII fled, she and her mother Cleopatra VI Tryphaina, and his eldest daughter, Berenice IV, assumed the rulership jointly. When he returned, apparently Cleopatra VI had died, and with the help of Roman forces, Ptolemy XII regained his throne and executed Berenice. Ptolemy then married his son, about 9 years old, to his remaining daughter, Cleopatra, who was by this time about 18. Rule and Political Strife On the death of Ptolemy XII in February or March of 51 BCE, the rule of Egypt was to go to Cleopatra and her brother and husband, Ptolemy XIII; but Cleopatra moved swiftly to take control, but not without issues.  Ã‚   When Cleopatra VII took the double crown, Egypt was still facing the financial issues that her predecessors had created- Julius Caesar was owed 17.5 million drachmas- and there was still scattered civil strife. Drought, failed crops, and food shortages were becoming more serious, and by 48 BCE the Nile flood was extremely low. Cleopatra set about restoring the bull cult; but the largest issue was the presence in her kingdom of Ptolemy XIII, only about 11 years old at the time. Ptolemy had the support of his tutor Potheinos and a powerful set of advisers, including many of the top generals, and by the autumn of 50 BCE, Ptolemy XIII was in the dominant position in the country.  At the same time, Pompey- with whom Ptolemy XII had allied himself- appeared in Egypt, chased by forces of Julius Caesar. In 48 BCE, Pompey named Ptolemy XIII the sole ruler, and Cleopatra went first to Thebes, then to Syria to gather an army of supporters among the opponents of Pompey, but her army was halted in the Nile delta region at Pelousion by Ptolemys forces. In the meantime, Ptolemys advisers were becoming alarmed at the rise in turmoil in the Roman Empire, and seeking to back away from that conflict, they had Pompey assassinated and his head sent to Caesar. Shortly thereafter, Julius Caesar arrived in Alexandria. He sent messages to Cleopatra and Ptolemy, asking them to disband their armies and reconcile with one another; Ptolemy kept his army but came to Alexandria, while Cleopatra set messengers and then came herself to see Caesar. Cleopatra and Julius Caesar Cleopatra, according to the stories, had herself delivered to Julius Caesars presence in a rug and won his support. Ptolemy XIII died in a battle with Caesar, and Caesar restored Cleopatra to power in Egypt, along with her brother Ptolemy XIV as co-ruler. In 46 BCE, Cleopatra named her newborn son Ptolemy Caesarion, emphasizing that this was the son of Julius Caesar. Caesar never formally accepted paternity, but he did take Cleopatra to Rome that year, also taking her sister, Arsinoe, and displaying her in Rome as a war captive. That he was already married (to Calpurnia) yet Cleopatra claimed to be his wife added to political tensions in Rome that ended with Caesars assassination in 44 BCE. After Caesars death, Cleopatra returned to Egypt, where her brother and co-ruler Ptolemy XIV died, probably assassinated by her. She established her son as her co-ruler Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Cleopatra and Marc Antony When the next Roman military governor of the region, Marc Antony, demanded her presence- along with that of other rulers who were controlled by Rome- she arrived dramatically in 41 BCE and managed to convince him of her innocence of charges about her support of Caesars supporters in Rome, captivated his interest, and gained his support. Antony spent a winter in Alexandria with Cleopatra (41–40 BCE) and then left. Cleopatra bore twins to Antony. He, meanwhile, went to Athens and, his wife Fulvia having died in 40 BCE, agreed to marry Octavia, the sister of his rival Octavius. They had a daughter in 39 BCE. In 37 BCE Antony returned to Antioch, Cleopatra joined him, and they went through a sort of marriage ceremony the following year. That year of that ceremony, another son was born to them, Ptolemy Philadelphus. Marc Antony formally restored to Egypt- and Cleopatra- territory which the Ptolemys had lost control of, including Cyprus and part of what is now Lebanon. Cleopatra returned to Alexandria and Antony joined her in 34 BCE after a military victory. He affirmed the joint rulership of Cleopatra and her son, Caesarion, recognizing Caesarion as the son of Julius Caesar. Octavian and Death Antonys relationship with Cleopatra- his supposed marriage and their children, and his granting of territory to her- was used by the Roman emperor Octavian to raise Roman concerns over his loyalties. Antony was able to use Cleopatras financial support to oppose Octavian in the Battle of Actium (31 BCE), but missteps- probably attributable to Cleopatra- led to defeat. Cleopatra tried to get Octavians support for her childrens succession to power but was unable to come to an agreement with him. In 30 BCE, Marc Antony killed himself, reportedly because hed been told that Cleopatra had been killed, and when yet another attempt to keep power failed, Cleopatra killed herself. Legacy Much of what we know about Cleopatra was written after her death when it was politically expedient to portray her as a threat to Rome and its stability. Thus, some of what we know about Cleopatra may have been exaggerated or misrepresented by those sources. Cassius Dio, one of the ancient sources that tell her story, summarizes her story as She captivated the two greatest Romans of her day, and because of the third she destroyed herself. What we know for certain is that Egypt became a province of Rome, ending the rule of the Ptolemies. Cleopatras children were taken to Rome. Caligula later executed Ptolemy Caesarion, and Cleopatras other sons simply disappear from history and are assumed to have died. Cleopatras daughter, Cleopatra Selene, married Juba, king of Numidia and Mauritania. Sources Chauveau, Michel. Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society under the Ptolemies. Trans. Lorton, David. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2000.Chaveau, Michel, ed. Cleopatra: Beyond the Myth. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002.Kleiner, Diana E.E., and Bridget Buxton. Pledges of Empire: The Ara Pacis and the Donations of Rome. American Journal of Archaeology 112.1 (2008): 57-90.Roller, Duane W. Cleopatra: A Biography. Women in Antiquity. Eds. Ancona, Ronnie and Sarah B. Pomeroy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Pharamacology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pharamacology - Assignment Example Non sedating antihistamines are antihistamine drugs that can not enter brain and cause drowsiness in the patient and are normally used in treating the symptoms of reactions to stings and bites as well as allergies. The drugs work by blocking the activity of histamine produced by the body as part of the natural immunity. Compared to the sedating antihistamines, non sedating antihistamine drugs are generally more designed to be more selective for the peripheral H1 receptors rather than the cholinergic and central nervous system H1 receptors. This selectivity particularly makes the drugs to avoid sedation and other adverse reactions that may result when it is ingested to be used against allergic reactions (Tillement, Timmerman, Frossard and Levander, 2001, p.228). This paper critically discusses the issues that should be considered in the design of a tablet formulation for a non sedating antihistamine drug with a half life of 16 hours and an adult dose of 2mg per day as well as for a ch ildren liquid formulation (2-12 years old). One of the main factors to consider when formulating the new non sedating antihistamine drug is its disintegration time. This is particularly attributed to the fact that the new drug is expected to have a short half –life of 16 hours. For example, in order to ensure the effectiveness of the drug within its relatively short half-life, the tablet should be formulated in a way that it takes a short time for the tablet to break up into particles or granules once it has been ingested. According to Nelson (2007, p.46), this may be achieved by adding sufficient disintegrants, not using too much binder and avoiding compressing the tablets too hard in order to modify the disintegration and enhance a rapid effect of the drug before it reaches its half life. In addition, another issue related to the tablet formulation of the new non sedating antihistamine that should be